When designing wind farms, you need to keep the turbines a certain distance apart from one another. If you don’t, the wakes from the turbines reduce efficiency, and the turbulence can reduce the warranted life of the machine. Typically, a manufacturer might specify a minimum downwind separation of 5 diameters, and a crosswind separation of 3 diameters. It’s an easy check with a buffer overlap, but these buffers are elliptical, which not all GIS packages can draw.
Take, for example, the following three points designated as (completely made-up) wind turbine locations:
name XCOORD YCOORD 1 557186.675000 4757125.590000 2 557447.931000 4756968.690000 3 557664.999000 4756817.810000
These look quite far apart, even if you were using large, 100+m diameter wind turbines:
But if we have a wind direction of 210°, downwind/crosswind separation of 5D & 3D respectively, and a 101m diameter rotor, it’s not so good:
Turbines 2 & 3 are too close together; the ellipses shouldn’t touch.
As awk is the only scripting language I have on my work computer, I wrote the script that generates the buffer shapefile in awk. The script calls Frank’s Shapefile C Library utilities to actually make the shapefile. Here’s the code:
#!/bin/awk -f
# draw an ellipse based on turbine location to generate
# for WTG separation buffer
# scruss - 2011-09-27
# assumes that stdin has three columns:
# 1 - label
# 2 - x coordinate
# 3 - y coordinate
# variables:
# diameter = rotor diameter
# cross = crosswind separation, diameters
# down = downwind separation, diameters
# wind = prevailing wind direction
# base = base for shape file name
BEGIN {
OFMT="%.1f";
CONVFMT="%.1f";
OFS=" ";
if (diameter < 0) {
print "diameter must be set";
exit;
}
if (cross < 0) {
print "cross must be set";
exit;
}
if (down < 0) {
print "down must be set";
exit;
}
if (down < cross) {
print "down must be greater than cross";
exit;
}
if (wind < 0) {
print "wind must be set";
exit;
}
if (base ~ /^$/) {
print "base must be a string";
exit;
}
pi = 3.141592654; # I know, I know ...
# calc cartesian angle from wind bearing, in radians
beta = ((450 - wind)%360) * pi/180;
# output shapelib tools init commands
print "dbfcreate " base " -s name 40";
print "shpcreate " base " polygon";
}
# for every line
{
name=$1;
x=$2;
y=$3;
major = diameter * down/2;
minor = diameter * cross/2;
first="";
points="";
maxn=36;
for (i=0; i<maxn; i++) {
alpha = (i * (360/maxn)) * pi/180;
x1 = x + major * cos(alpha) * cos(beta) - minor * sin(alpha) * sin(beta);
y1 = y + major * cos(alpha) * sin(beta) + minor * sin(alpha) * cos(beta);
if (i == 0) { # store the first point
first= x1 " " y1;
}
points = points " " x1 " " y1;
}
points = points " " first;
print "dbfadd " base ".dbf " name;
print "shpadd " base, points;
}
awk is charmingly odd in that you can specify variable on the command line. Here’s how I called it, with the above coordinates as input:
awk -v diameter=101 -v cross=3 -v down=5 -v wind=210 -v base="fakewtg-ellipse" -f separation.awk
Pipe the output through a shell, and there are your ellipses.
